1
2 
  -2024
.. 

(  )
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.              ?
2.       ?          

-
3.              -
   
4.         '  
-
5.   -         
6.      ?    
 ?
2
2 
-
7.         
 ?
8.           
  -2024
.. 

(  )
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.              ?
: -
 ,              
   ,              
  '     -        '  
        ,         
 
          -        
      
        -    ,
 ,    -              
      ,      

     
3
2 
             
    :
1.  :          ,    
    ,        
 
2.    :       "       ,"   
       ,      
3.    : ( )     
     ,   ,       
     ,      ,   
   
4.  :        '    
 ,              
5.  :     '   ,      
  '     ,   
       
              :
1.    
    ,   ( )   ()      
    
          ,
     
      ,   ,   
   ,    
2.   
           
  ,    ,        
 
-   ,   
      
 '  
 
3.   
                 
       
 (        )
4
2 
   '             
         
   -  ,     -    ,      
             ,      
    
                   ,
   ,    -     -    
  :
1.      

   "       "     

  ,        ,    
    
:1930            ,   
  
2.      

               
   ,   ,      , 
 , -             

        
       
:   ,         
      ,        
3.      
            ,   
       
 , ,            
  ,       

:2008           ,      
      

4.      
           
    '
 '  
5
2 
,   ,     (    ) 
      
:-19  ,       -  
      
5.     
             ,    ' 
 
, ,   ,      -       
    
:          (    )
  ,          
 

                
       ,        
       ,    -    ,
 ,    -        

   ,    ,     ,      
          '   
       ,       -  
                 
              
 
,              
  
 -          
 
2.       ?          

:    ?
               
                 '   

6
2 
      :
    
 ,         
      ,       
       

              ,   
        '          
      
      
           ₹10,000 
 
 , ,     ' ₹8,000   
 ₹2,000 
 
,     ₹15,000      ,   :
     ' ₹11,500  
3,500 
   
   -     ,          
 
    ,         
 
       
 !
   
    '      :
C=C0+cY
:
C =  
C₀ =   (   '  - )
c =      (MPC) (  '    )
Y = 
 
1.   (C₀)
o                
7
2 
o :      ,         
           '  
2.    (MPC)
o                   

o  MPC = 0.8 ,          ₹100  , ₹80  
   ₹20    
        
                
    
  ,      '     '     
  '            
      
1.           (
      )
2. MPC   (         )
3.    
    '    
-    
           :
8
2 
  :
        
    ,    
( ) '     
-   ,    ,   1     (   
 
)
     
     ₹500 
   ,    ' ₹450 
 
    ₹700      ,    ₹100     ₹600 
  
       ,   '     ,       
    
  ,               
   '    
      
1.         
    
 
2. MPC       
 -  
 ,     


3.           
      
  :
9
2 
         
 -  
 ,   
      
      ,     ,       
 
 
     
      25           60   
     
 
          ,      
           
        ,    
  ,  
    
      ,        '   
         

   
   

 
     
 
(        
)
 (      )



     
     


 
 
 
           
      
      
 
  ,        ,       
  ,            
  
   
         ,    
                
10
2 

                
                 
   ,         ,   
          
-
3.              -
   
:     (MEC) -   
     (MEC)       , ,  
                
 ,       
            
   
 ,       
         
            ,      
      ,  MEC  
MEC               
          
     
             MEC   ,     
    ,      
     
  ', MEC       :
 ,     
 ' ₹1,00,000     ₹10,000  
     , :
          ' 10%        
       ,     '   
11
2 
       
  MEC   ,           
          
  
1.     
        ,            MEC

  
    '      
:
         ,        
           '   
  ,   MEC 
 ,         ,          
 ,   MEC   
2.    
, ,          MEC     
    ,       ,       
     MEC 
 
:
    ₹50    
   ,        
  ₹30     ,    MEC    

  ,           ,     
  ,   MEC    
3.  
        
     MEC   , 
             
:
    ' 12%             8% ,  
       , 
    4%   , 
  15%    ,       
     
    
,   MEC 
 ,      MEC 
 
12
2 
4.  
      ,      
  
 '     
 ,   MEC    
:
        
 ,       '
             ,   MEC  
 
  ,      
,    MEC 
       
 
5.      
     '            
       ,        
,     ,   MEC 
:
      -     ,   
        MEC 
  
  
      
,   ,  ,       ,     
,   MEC   
6.     
        ,        
  
   MEC   
:
     10         ,    
  
       
  ,    MEC  
  ,       ,       ,  
MEC  
7.    
             ,
  MEC   ,   -      

:
    -  -      ,   
13
2 
         ,       '  
,     ,   MEC  
8.    
          
      
   ,            
 ,   MEC    
:
          ,     
              ,    
  , MEC   

    (MEC)               
   
             
    
  MEC   ,    :
    
    
 
 
   
    
   
   
 MEC   ,      ,     ,    
     MEC   ,    ,       

MEC         ,   ,
 -           
          '   
14
2 
4.         '  
: -
 ,        ,    -  ' -
 
 ,                  
         -   
  
  -           ,      .
          (1950)    
      '          -
        
    
    '    
 -    :
1.  :  ,       ,      
             , 
      ,          
    ,        
2.  :               
   ,          ,   

         ,    ,  
    ,        
        
                   
           ,      
 ,        
  ,       
       
 ,   - 
 
1.    ( )
           
     
       :
 :      '  ,       

 
 : , ,          
:      ,     ,     
          
15
2 
      ,       ,     

         
2.    ( )
      ,         ,      
        ,         

              ,  
  ,  ,    '       
  ,   
             
     ,          
 
1.  :               
         
2.  : ,           
 '   
3.   :        ,      
 
4.  :       '   ,    
           
5.  :           ,  
    
   
           :
1.  -   :    
    
              


2. -     :      , 
             

     


3.    '   :        
  ,            

 
16
2 
   
   ,     :
1.  :             
,         

2.     : , ,     
 '  
,      
3.   :   ,        

 ,  ,        
  
4.  '   :            ,
 ,          

   - 
    ,       :
  (1929-1939):  
      
       
      :        '  
    ,   -     
 
2008  :      ,       
     ,     -  

       -        
-           ,       
      
  ,   '    
   -        -      
           ,       -
       
17
2 
-
5.   -         
: -
     ,          
      
         
                  ,  
        ,           
  
                    
   '               ,
  
             
   
1.      
o             ,  
,          
o :            
      ,        
2.    
o                 
       
o :   ,         
     
 
3.         
o   (       )     
        
o :    ,          
   ,             
 
18
2 
   
1.        
o   ,           
           
o :                6
       
2.     
o - ,             
o :      ,  ,  
    
3.   
o    -          
        
o :             
        
   
        :
  (-):          

 :           
  ():      - 
  :     (  -)       

 
                 
     ,            
       
   
1.      
o                 
 
19
2 
o : 
            
      
2.    
o      ,        
    
o :   
          
           
 
3.    
o                
o :          ,    
          
4.       
o  ,             
   
o :                
 
   
1.    
o   ,           
      
o :        ,      
    
2.         
o                 
o : ,  ,       
  '   ,         
 
3.    
o               ,    
  
20
2 
o :          ,    
       '   
4.     
o              ' 
  
o :             ,  
    
   
         :
 ():    
:                

:           
    
 '   
 : , ,              
  
         |

  
 
 
  (1  )
   (1   )
 
 
    

 ,  ,  , 

, , ,  

       
      
       
     
 
     
    

            
      
        
 ,         
               
   ,   
   ,       ' 

21
2 
               
    ,                  
6.      ?    
 ?
:        
 
          ,     -   
      
   ,      
          (      )  
 (     )             '
          
   
1.    
                    
    '   
   -        
:
  :             
  '    
  :      '    -  
   '  

 :       ,      
  
         
  :    '          
 
 
2.     
 ,                
                  :
 :-       
 :            
 :      
 :            
22
2 
3.  
         
            
             
  (  
   )
4.         
          :
     
 ,  ,     
NEFT, RTGS,  UPI 
    
5.   -
     ,       -
    
6.  
     ,          
7.   
              
      
8.      
                  
   
9.    
    ,        
   
 ?
                   
  
 
      
   XYZ           A     ₹10,000  
 
    
;  ,           (
     )     
23
2 
    10% (₹1,000)        ₹9,000      
      
     ,          
 
  ,   ₹9,000 (, ₹900)  10%        
   ,      
   
        ,            ,      
             :
    ₹10,000     10% ,     :
, ₹10,000     ,      ₹1,00,000    
 
   
1.   
 :       ,    
 
2.   
 :             
3.    :         
4.    :   ,       
   
1.  :   (RBI)     ,   
    
2.    :    
 ,        

3.  :   ,    ,        
4.   (NPA):          ,   
 ,      '   

        ,   ,      
, 
          
    
     ,            
      ,         
 
24
2 
-
7.         
 ?
:       
  
                  
 
      ,         ,       
                
 ,          20  ,      25
                  
     ,        ,        
  
      ,    :
1. - :               
            ,      
    ,        
o :            
,
     
2. - :            
 ,         ' 
 
o :      ,       ,  
   
-         

3.     :             
  ,         ,      
   
o :             ,    
,       
4.  :            , 
     
25
2 
o :                

 ,       ,     
  
  
         :
 :
   :   ,          
  :           
 
         
   :          

      

   :    ,          
    
 :
     :          
     
          
   :           

    -
          ,       , 
   ,       ,       
    
  
 ?
1.       :      ,   
                '
   ,     
o :        ,     
          
2. - :      ,    
               ,  
        ,      
26
2 
o :       
 ,    
 ,           
3.     
 :      ,    
      ,         
       ,     
    
   
o :      ,     , 
      ,          

 -    ?
           ,     
      :
:            
  1970              , 
        
   :  ,        ,   
      ,      
 :  ,    ,   
   
    
  


            ,     
               -
  ,             ,   
  
,            

   ,      (RBI),     ,    
              
         
     '  
-               
             ' 

 
27
2 
8.           
:      
-
                  
       
        ,    
   
     
 ,   , 
 ,            ,     
 ,              
   ,  
            
  

     :         
      
 ,      ,      
               :
1.     :   ,        
               
2.   :   
 ,       
      
3.   :        ,  
   
 ,       
4.     :    ,         ,  
          
5.    :  ,         ,
            
   ?
               
 
                
,        ,       
           
       
  ,              
:
28
2 
1.   
               
 '       :
  : , ,           
           
 :                
     
    :        
            
  :            

 ,          
  ,        
 ,          
,         
2.  
               
  :
  :   '    ,     
 '        
  :      ,      
       
   (GST/VAT):    '       ,
       
            ,          , 
       
3.     
                 
   :
 :             
     ,      
  :           
        '   
29
2 
  :         
   
             

     
        ,      ,    -  
  '  :
1.   (1930, ):
o    ,        
o   .       
   ,
    '   ,      
  
o            
2.     (1990-2000):
o               
  
o              ' 
     
3. -19  (2020):
o             
    
o ,            
         ,      
 
       
       ,      :
   :             ,
      
 :       ,      
 
  :         ,  
  (    )   
 :          
    
30
2 

         
   
 ,  
 ,
  
     ,           
          
     ,
    ,     ,       
,               
                  
              
 '   
:           (  )     
         ,  
         